Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and its associated factors among hospital and community populations in Lambayeque, Peru

Abstract INTRODUCTION Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. This study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with toxoplasmosis among pregnant women. METHODS We followed an analytical observational study. From July 2016 to June 2017, 218 pregnant women were selected. The infection was detected through serological dosage of anti-T.gondii Immunoglobulin(Ig) M and IgG antibodies. RESULTS The seroprevalence was 35.8%; the factors associated with infection were consumption of non-drinking water, residence in an urban area, and threatened abortion during the current pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women is high. The risk factors are dependent on environmental determinants.

Epidemiological factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in postpartum women treated in the public healthcare system of Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the epidemiological profile and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection among postpartum women is a relevant issue, because this protozoan can be vertically transmitted to the developing fetus, which can cause severe and debilitating disease. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in postpartum women in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 229 postpartum women, among whom 204 were chronically infected (IgG+/IgM-), and 25 were seronegative (IgG-/IgM-; control group). All the patients were asked to complete a form to provide sociodemographic, clinical, dietary, and cultural information. The data were analyzed to compare seropositivity and risk factors based on the odds ratio (OR) thereof. RESULTS: The sociodemographic characteristics associated with the risk for toxoplasmosis were: education ≤ 8 years [OR: 2.521, confidence interval (CI): 1.01-6.301, p=0.049], and age ≥ 30 years (OR: 4.090; CI: 1.180-14.112, p=0.023). Clinical and behavioral characteristics related to eating raw and undercooked meat, were not found to be risk factors associated with a positive test for toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings concur with the results of other studies conducted in Brazil and abroad, where variables such as low levels of schooling, and advanced age (≥ 30 years) are major risk factors for pregnant women to become infected with T. gondii.

Epidemiological factors associated with seropositivity for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from Gurupi, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Introduction Knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii dissemination among pregnant women is relevant because the parasite can be spread from mother to infant. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from Gurupi, State of Tocantins, Brazil, from February 2012 to June 2013. Methods The study population included 487 pregnant women. Sociodemographic, dietary and cultural data were collected using a standardized and validated form. Peripheral blood was collected for serologic testing using the ELISA test (IgM/IgG antibodies). The data were analyzed by comparing seropositivity with risk factors using crude and adjusted odds ratios. Results The prevalence rate for IgG and IgM antibodies was 68.7% and 5.7%, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics associated with toxoplasmosis risk included the following: education level ≤ 8 years (OR: 6.612; CI: 1.450-30.144), age ≥ 30 years (OR: 5.273; CI: 1.166-23.844), working outside the home (OR: 1.604; CI: 1.015-2.536), and family income of two minimum wages or lower (OR: 2.700; CI: 1.891-8.182). Regarding dietary habits, there was a significant association of seropositivity with meat intake (OR: 1.78; CI: 1.149-4.080), cutting vegetables without washing the cutting board beforehand (OR: 2.051; CI: 1.165-3.614), frequent intake of vegetables (OR: 2.051; CI: 1.368-3.006) and in natura milk intake (OR: 2.422; CI: 1.014-5.785). Conclusions The high prevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in Gurupi are related to age, raw meat and in natura milk intake, as well as education level, working outside the home, and poor hygienic habits during meal preparation. .

Gestational toxoplasmosis in Paraná State, Brazil: prevalence of IgG antibodies and associated risk factors

The aim of the present study was to verify the association between seropositivity for IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and social, economic and environmental variables of pregnant women attending the public health centers of Paraná, Brazil. From January 2007 to July 2010, 2226 pregnant women were interviewed and detection of anti-T. gondii specific IgG and IgM antibodies was performed by chemiluminescence test. Seropositivity for anti-T. gondii IgG was observed in 1151 (51.7%) pregnant women, 29 of which (1.3%) presented IgM reagent with IgG of high avidity. The variables associated with the presence of IgG were residency in the rural area, more than one pregnancy, less than or equal to eight years schooling, low per capita income, age group, raw or poorly cooked meat ingestion, and contact with the soil. There was neither association with raw fruit and vegetable ingestion nor with the presence of cats in the residencies.

Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care in Luanda, Angola / Infecção por Plasmodium falciparum em mulheres grávidas em consultas pré-natal em Luanda, Angola

INTRODUCTION: Malaria during pregnancy remains a serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence and possible risk factors for malaria in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Augusto Ngangula Specialized General Hospital in Luanda, Angola. METHODS: Pregnant women (679 total) who attended antenatal care from April to September 2008 were included in the study after signing informed consent. For each participant, the social-demographic profile and malaria and obstetric histories were investigated via a questionnaire. Diagnosis was made by optic microscopy, and hemoglobin concentration measured. The associations between age, parity, gestational age, residence, schooling, malaria during gravity, anemia and treatment with incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection were analyzed through logistic regression. RESULTS: During the period of study, 74 (10.9%) out of 679 women were infected by P. falciparum. The average concentration of hemoglobin was 11.1 ± 0.07g/dL, and there were significant associations between the history of malaria during pregnancy, P. falciparum infection (p<0.01) and anemia at the time of observation (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Previous history of malaria during pregnancy represents a risk factor for current infection and anemia was an important complication associated with malaria, even in women who were treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A malária na gravidez continua a ser um grave problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e possíveis fatores de risco para a malária, em mulheres grávidas que foram atendidas em consultas pré-natal, no Hospital Geral Especializado Augusto Ngangula, em Luanda, Angola. MÉTODOS: De abril a setembro de 2008, 679 mulheres grávidas foram envolvidas no estudo após consentimento informado. O perfil sócio demográfico e história de malária e obstetrícia foram investigados através de um questionário. O diagnóstico foi efetuado por microscopia óptica e determinou-se ainda as concentrações da hemoglobina. Através da regressão logística foi analisada a associação entre a idade, paridade, tempo de gestação, residência, escolaridade, malária durante a gravidez, anemia e tratamento com a infecção por Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTADOS: Setenta e quatro (10,9%) das 679 mulheres estavam infectadas com P. falciparum. O valor médio da concentração da hemoglobina foi de 11,1 ± 0,07g/dL, encontrando-se uma associação significativa entre história de malária na gravidez e infecção por P. falciparum (p<0,01) e anemia no momento da observação (p<0.001). CONCLUSÕES: A história de malária anterior na gravidez foi um fator de risco para uma infecção atual e a anemia uma complicação importante associada à malária, mesmo em mulheres que receberam tratamento durante a gravidez com sulfadoxina-pirimetamina.

Factors associated to infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil / Fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil

The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the factors associated to the infection in pregnant women attended in Basic Health Units in Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil. The sample was divided in two groups: group I (320 pregnant women who were analyzed from July 2007 to February 2008) and group II (287 pregnant women who were analyzed from March to October 2008). In group I, it was found 53.1 percent of pregnant women with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive, 1.9 percent with IgG and IgM reactive, 0.3 percent with IgG non-reactive and IgM reactive and 44.7 percent with IgG and IgM non-reactive. In group II, it was found 55.1 percent with IgG reactive and IgM non-reactive and 44.9 percent with IgG and IgM non-reactive. The variables associated to the presence of IgG antibodies were: residence in rural areas, pregnant women between 35-40 years old, low educational level, low family income, more than one pregnancy, drinking water which does not originate from the public water supply system and the habit of handling soil or sand. Guidance on primary prevention measures and the quarterly serological monitoring of the pregnant women in the risk group are important measures to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii e os fatores associados à infecção em gestantes atendidas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Rolândia, Paraná, Brasil. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo I (320 gestantes, analisadas entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008) e grupo II (287 gestantes, analisadas de março a outubro de 2008). No grupo I, foram encontrados 53,1 por cento de gestantes IgG reagente e IgM não reagente, 1,9 por cento de IgG e IgM reagentes, 0,3 por cento de IgG não reagente e IgM reagente e 44,7 por cento de IgG e IgM não reagentes. No grupo II foram 55,1 por cento de IgG reagente e IgM não reagente e 44,9 por cento de IgG e IgM não reagentes. As variáveis associadas à infecção foram: residência em área rural, gestantes entre 35-40 anos de idade, baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, mais de uma gravidez, consumo de água não proveniente do sistema de abastecimento público de água e hábito de manipular terra ou areia. As orientações sobre medidas de prevenção primária e o acompanhamento sorológico trimestral das gestantes no grupo de risco são medidas importantes para prevenir a toxoplasmose congênita.

Evaluación de un test comercial de avidez de IgG: Aporte al diagnóstico de primoinfección por Toxoplasma gondii / Evaluation of an IgG avidity commercial test: Contribution to diagnosis of primary infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis (T) is a major chronic parasitic infection in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women. It is important to discriminate between acute phase (AT) and chronic phase (CT). Diagnosis is serological in immunocompetent patients (concentration of IgG and IgM). Objective: To evaluate the utility of an IgG avidity test (A-IgG) to identify the acute and chronic stage. Avidity is the strength of affinity between a specific immunoglobulin and the protein antigenic epitope of the infecting agent, an affinity that increases over time. Patients and Methods: We used a qualitative kit that measures the avidity of IgG, discriminating the two phases. In 35 patients with clinical diagnosis of AT and/or CT, IgG, IgM and IgG A (VIDAS®) were performed. Results: Patients with AT were positive for IgM and IgG, but presented weak avidity. In the 21 cases with CT, 52 percent (n: 11) were IgM positive and 100 percent (n: 21) had positive IgG with strong avidity. Discussion: The results confirm that the test of A-IgG may be useful in the diagnosis of AT, and has 100 percent concordance with reference test (qualitative IgM + quantitative IgG). The result is available within 24 hrs, and may be useful in diagnosis of AT in pregnant women.

Introducción: Toxoplasmosis (T) es una infección parasitaria crónica importante en pacientes inmunocompro-metidos y mujeres embarazadas. Es relevante discriminar entre fase aguda (TA) y fase crónica (TC). Su diagnóstico es serológico en inmunocompetentes (detección de IgG e IgM). Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del test de avidez IgG (A-IgG) para identificar la fase aguda y o crónica. Avidez es la fuerza de afinidad entre una inmunoglobulina específica y el epítope de la proteína antigénica del agente infectante, afinidad que aumenta con el tiempo. Pacientes y Métodos: Se usó un test cualitativo que mide la avidez de IgG, discriminando las dos fases. A 35 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de TA y o TC, se les realizó IgG, IgM e A-IgG en Equipo VIDAS®. Resultados: Los pacientes con TA fueron positivos para IgM e IgG y presentaron avidez débil. Los 21 casos con TC 52 por ciento (n: 11) tuvieron IgM positivo y 100 por ciento (n: 21) tuvo IgG positiva con avidez fuerte. Discusión: Los resultados confirman que el test de A-IgG puede ser de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico de TA, concordancia: 100 por ciento con test de referencia (IgM cualitativa + IgG cuantitativa). El resultado está disponible en menos de 24 hrs, pudiendo ser útil en el diagnóstico de TA en mujeres embarazadas.

Factors associated with seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in pregnant women of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between seropositivity for IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and socio-economic and environmental variables in pregnant women of Londrina, state of Paraná, Brazil. We interviewed 492 pregnant women, each of whom answered an epidemiological questionnaire, and collected blood samples for measurement of IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies by chemiluminescence. A confirmatory diagnosis of acute infection was made by an IgG avidity test. Titres of specific IgG anti-T. gondii were obtained by IFAT. Seropositivity for IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies was observed in 242 women (49.2 percent) and, of these, six pregnant women (1.2 percent) showed seropositivity for IgM. Age group, level of education, per capita income, presence of a cat in the house and a habit of eating green vegetables were all factors associated with a greater chance of infection with T. gondii. This study showed that 250 (50.8 percent) pregnant women were susceptible to T. gondii and considered to be at high risk for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Based on the results obtained, is critical to establish a program of health surveillance for toxoplasmosis, in order to contribute to diagnosis and early treatment during the prenatal period. It is also necessary to introduce measures to prevent the Toxoplasma infection in seronegative pregnant women.

Guías clínicas de la enfermedad de Chagas: Parte II. Enfermedad de Chagas en el adulto, la infancia y adolescencia / Guidelines for the Chagas disease: Part II. Chagas disease in adults, infancy and adolescence

Se describen las distintas etapas de la enfermedad en el adulto: aguda, indeterminada o latente y crónica. Se menciona cómo se realiza el diagnóstico etiológico y la indicación de tratamiento. En la etapa crónica, cuando existe compromiso cardíaco así como también digestivo (esófago o colon), se mencionan los síntomas y signos, la evolución, los exámenes de apoyo diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se analiza la enfermedad de Chagas congénita desde su prevalencia en la embarazada, la etapa de la enfermedad en la madre, las repercusiones de la transmisión del parásito sobre el producto de la concepción, la frecuencia de la transmisión, cómo se produce la infección del feto, la situación en embarazos sucesivos, hasta las consecuencias sobre el recién nacido, incluyendo la sintomatología cuando éste nace enfermo. Se comenta la concomitancia con la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Las formas de presentación no vertical en la infancia y adolescencia no difieren de la enfermedad de Chagas en el adulto. Se menciona el diagnóstico directo e indirecto de la infección y se presenta un algoritmo del diagnóstico y seguimiento de la infección vertical por Tripanosoma cruzi.

The different stages of Chagas disease in adults: acute, undetermined or latent and chronic phases are described. This document contains guidelines for etiological diagnosis of Chagas disease and its treatment. In chronic phase, as cardiac and digestive system (esophagus and colon) are affected, symptoms and signs, evolution of the disease, laboratory analysis and treatment are described. The following topics in congenital Chagas disease are boarded: its prevalence in pregnant women, the importance of mother phase of disease, repercussions of the parasite transmission to the fetus, the frequency of transmission, how the infection to the fetus is produced, the importance of chronic infection in consecutive pregnancies, and clinical consequences to the newborn infant including symptoms of congenital disease. Concomitance with human immunodeficiency virus is commented. No vertically transmitted Chagas disease in infancy and adolescents has similar clinical manifestations as in adults. Direct and indirect laboratory tests of infection are described and an algorithm for diagnosis and follow up of vertical transmission of Trypccnosoma cruzi is presented.

Atenção à toxoplasmose durante a gestação em população carente do interior do Estado de São Paulo / Toxoplasmosis care to deprived people during pregnancy in an inner city from São Paulo State

Objetivo: avaliar a atenção para a profilaxia e tratamento da toxoplasmose durante a gestação de mulheres de reduzido nível socioeconômico do interior do Estado de São Paulo...

Objective: to assess the attention given to the prophylaxis and treatment of toxoplasmosis during the puerperium of women of low socioeconomic class from a countryside of the State of São Paulo...

Transmisión congénita de toxoplasma gondii durante la fase crónica en mujeres inmunocomprometidas / Congenital transmission of toxoplasma gondii during chronicity in immunocompromised women

La transmisión congénita de T. gondii que en la embarazada inmunocompetente ocurre sólo durante la fase inicial aguda de la infección materna, puede ocurrir en mujeres con toxoplasmosis crónica,cuando éstas presentan deficiencia inmunitaria. Al respecto se dan a conocer 10 casos publicados en la literatura extranjera, correspondiente 6 de ellos a mujeres infectadas con el VIH. La mayoría de los 12 niños infectos (incluye mellizos), nacieron aparentemente sanos, pero desarrollaron una toxoplasmosis severa durante los primeros meses de la vida. Los casos demuestran que la inmunodepresión de la embarazada facilita la transmisión transplacentaria del toxoplasma y que en el RN con infección doble, la infección con VIH acelera el desarrollo de una toxoplasmosis fatal y viceversa.A raíz de los casos expuestos se recomienda aplicar controles serológicos sistemáticos para toxoplasmosis en las embarazadas inmunocom-prometidas, especialmente aquellas infectadas con el virus del SIDA. Al respecto se entrega información sobre el significado del resultado serológico y tratamiento de las mujeres infectadas por toxoplasma, para disminuir el riesgo de la transmisión congénita del parásito oportunista y sobre el control de los respectivos hijos, que debe efectuarse a partir de su nacimiento

Avaliaçäo da parasitemia em mulheres portadoras de infecçäo pelo Trypanosoma cruzi durante e após a gestaçäo / Evaluation of parasitaemia in women who are carriers of Trypanosoma cruzi infection during and after pregnancy

Avaliou-se o perfil parasitêmico de 119 chagásicos crônicos, através de 828 xenodiagnósticos, realizados durante (465 xenos) e após a gravidez (363 xenos) visando rastrear uma possível variaçäo da parasitemia nesses períodos. A freqüência de xenos positivos foi maior durante a gestaçäo. Por outro lado, a freqüência de triatomíneos infectados foi, também maior durante a gravidez, indicando níveis parasitêmicos mais elevados neste período. Apenas 17 por cento das mäes estudadas tiveram dois ou mais xenos positivos durante a gravidez. Nestas mulheres, a diferença entre a freqüência de xenos positivos durante e após a gravidez foi elevada, sugerindo ter havido exacerbaçäo da infecçäo chagásica, pelo menos em algumas delas